Our paper on mathematical modeling of seashell horns is in press.

In collaboration with Derek Moulton at Mathematical Institute in Oxford and Nathanael Aubert-Kato at Ochanomizu University, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept approach to a multi-scale modeling of horn shape in a mollusk species ‘Sazae’ which shows a large phenotypic plasticity in presence and absence of horns within a single species. Sazae shows an amazing phenotypic plasticity – within one species, some grow large horns but the other do not, and even during an individual life, making horns or not switches. It has been hypothesized that this is because of ocean environment, such as degree of wave. Our model combining molecular scale and mechanical, morphological scale explains different horn shape from different ecological habitats. Using machine learning technologies, we also identified parameter space that describes horn morphology. This work provide a novel approach for studies in non-model organisms, difficult to undertake functional analysis, by combining mathematical, computational and biological tools. This work is in press in PLoS Computational Biology.